Apart from quenching, there are other heat treatment processes that can be used to improve the accuracy of ultrasonic testing for ASTM A269 materials, such as the following:

Tempering

• Relieve internal stress: Tempering is usually carried out after quenching or other heat treatment processes. It can effectively relieve the internal stress generated during quenching, reducing the influence of stress on the propagation of ultrasonic waves. This helps to improve the accuracy of ultrasonic testing by making the waveform more stable and the signal easier to interpret.
• Adjust microstructure: Tempering can also adjust the microstructure of the material. It transforms the hard and brittle martensite formed during quenching into a more stable and ductile structure, such as tempered martensite. This makes the material’s microstructure more uniform, reducing the scattering and attenuation of ultrasonic waves.

Austempering

• Fine – grained microstructure: Austempering is a heat treatment process that can obtain a fine – grained bainitic microstructure. The fine – grained bainite has good mechanical properties and a relatively uniform microstructure, which can reduce the scattering of ultrasonic waves. Compared with the microstructure obtained by quenching and tempering, the bainitic microstructure obtained by austempering may have better ultrasonic wave propagation characteristics, thus improving the accuracy of ultrasonic testing.
• Low internal stress: The austempering process produces relatively low internal stress in the material. Since internal stress can affect the velocity and waveform of ultrasonic waves, the low – stress state of austempered materials is beneficial for accurate ultrasonic testing. It allows for more accurate measurement of the time – of – flight of ultrasonic waves and better identification of defect signals.

Normalizing and annealing (as mentioned before)

• Normalizing refines the grain structure, making the grains more uniform in size and distribution, which reduces the scattering of ultrasonic waves. Annealing relieves internal stresses, reduces the anisotropy of the material, and makes the microstructure more stable, helping to minimize the influence of grain orientation on ultrasonic wave propagation.